Lesson 12
TABLE, GRAPHIC, DIAGRAM

Look at the diagram carefully!

	
      This chart shows the relative numbers of students in different faculties of a university. You can see that the majority (the greater part) of students study scientific or technical subjects, whereas students of letters are in minority.
     The proportions are approximate. They can be expressed as percentages. Thus science students constitute approximately 30% (thirty percent) of all students.
(Note: A consists of B=B constitutes A)

	

Exercise
Complete these statements!
a.	Engineering students ………..of all students.
b.	50% of all students study …………… or……………
c.	the …………. Of students in the faculties of engineering and letters are approximately the same.
d.	There are ………..few students of education.
e.	…………………….the percentage of science students, the percentage of agriculture students is relatively small.
f.	In the faculty of science, 70% of the students are men and 30% are women; that is, the ……………………..are men and women are in the ………………
g.	Approximately 15% of all students study…………..

Look at the diagram carefully!

	Failure Rate

     The graph shows the failure rate of components produced in a given factory.

     Look at these statements:

     The failure rate at the end of the first hour is approximately 1%. This means that ten out of a thousand components are liable to fail at the end of the first hour of operation.
In the other words, the chances of a component failing at the end of the first hour of operation are one in a hundred.	
Now say whether the following statements are true or false according to the diagram. Correct the false statements.

a)	Four out of thousand components re liable to fail at the end of the third hour of operation.
b)	The chances of a component failing at the end of the third hour are one in three hundred.
c)	The failure rate at the end of the thirteenth hour is approximately ).*%.
d)	Four components out of a thousand are liable to fail at the end of the fifth hour.
e)	Six components out of thousand are liable to fail at the end of the eleventh hour.
f)	The failure rate at the end of the thirteenth hour is approximately 0.8%.
g)	The chances of component failing at the end of the fifteenth hour are one in a hundred.
h)	Of ten thousand components produced, five hundred would fail by the end of the nineteenth hour.

Synonym and Antonym

	It is often necessary to know the synonym and antonym of a word. In addition to expanding our vocabulary mastery, knowing synonyms and antonyms can also help us to understand texts. 
Synonyms are words that have the same with or similar meaning to another word. On the other hand, antonyms are words that have opposite meanings from another word. The word different, in the text above, has some synonyms and antonyms. The synonyms are, for example, distinct, dissimilar, unlike, discordant, disparate, etc. The antonyms are, for example, the same, identical, similar, equal, alike, equivalent, etc.
Exercise 1

	Fill in the space with a synonym of the underlined word. Use a word from the box to help you.

much	possibly	similarities	juniors	children	
greatest	distinct	special	universal	unwatched	

1. The seven species are quite different from one another; their characteristics are quite … .  
2. Most of the animals nurse their young with milk. They treat their … with the greatest care.
3. We must be able to make some very general predictions about its structure and function, that is, such predictions must be … .
4. We could also make some specific predictions which tell us about the … characteristics of the things.
5. There is a great deal of understanding about the problem. We know … about it.  
6. Before you use an infant formula, consult you doctor first. A … dosage is different from an adult one.
7. Leaving babies unattended may cause choking. So we must never leave babies … .
8. These animals have close resemblances among each other. They have a lot of … .  

9. It would probably have wheels or runners—it can … run like cars. 
10. Breast milk is best for babies. It is the … food for babies.

Exercise 2

	Do the same as you did above. This time, you are working in antonyms. Find a word that will be an antonym to the underlined word.

general	worst	identical	dissimilarities	specific	
adult	old	watched	certainly	little	

1. The seven species are quite different from one another; however, their behaviours are quite … .  
2. Most of the animals nurse their young with milk. When they become …, they look for their own food.
3. We must be able to make some very general predictions about its structure and function, that is, such predictions must not be too … .
4. We could also make some specific predictions which tell us about the characteristics of the things. These characteristics, however, cannot be regarded as … .
5. There is a great deal of understanding about the problem. Formerly, we knew very … about it.  
6. Before you use an infant formula, consult you doctor first. An … dosage will be very different
7. Leaving babies unattended may cause choking. So we must always leave babies … .
8. These animals have close resemblances among each other. They do not have a lot of … .  
9. It would probably have wheels or runners—it … can run like cars. 
10. Breast milk is best for babies. The … food is badly-produced milk.

Sentence Patterns: SVC

	We have studied about the sentence patterns in English. One of these is the SVC pattern: Subject + Verb + Complement. Below, we will study more about this pattern.

The secretary is diligent.
The secretary is a diligent boy.
The secretary is in his office.

These are some of the characteristics of the SVC pattern:

 The verb is usually a form of be: e.g. is, am, are, was, were, be, been
 Linking verbs are also possible: e.g. look, seem, appear, feel, taste, get, become, etc.

The secretary looks diligent.
The secretary becomes diligent boy.
The secretary seems in his office.

 The complement (C) can be an adjective, a noun or noun phrase, or a preposition phrase

The secretary is diligent. 			diligent = noun
The secretary is a diligent boy.			a diligent boy = noun phrase
The secretary is in his office.			in his office = preposition phrase
Exercise  

The sentences below have the SVC patterns. Look for the subject, verb, and complement. Identify the form of the complement.

1. The participants will be students of economics.
2. The subject of personal taxes is extremely complex.
3. One of the purposes of the network has been to show all the relations.
4. A manager will have to be very sensible to various kinds of problems.
5. By the middle of next month, he will have been in power for two years.
6. All the boys and girls look tired after working all days.
7. The participants who have finished their work are out.
8. Having the necessary financial and material resources, management functions should be to utilize human, financial, and material resources.
9. The conflicts arising among persons within the management level can get very serious.
10. The first step to getting to know yourself well is to take personal inventory of your strength and weaknesses.
11. After working for 13 years, he at last became supervisor of the night-shift lifters.
12. She seemed happy with all the preparation she was able to make.
13. One reason for Boeing dominant market share has been its international market share which rose almost 70% by the end of the year.
14. It is difficult for specialists to be promoted to the top management levels.
15. The conflicts arising among persons within the management level can get very serious.